ABSTRACT
The study aims to identify the bioactive secondary metabolites from the leaves of Papuacedrus papuana that have not been reported yet so far. Two main antibacterial compounds, ferruginol, and trans-communic acid were isolated from the leaves of the plant through several chromatography techniques, including a TLC-direct bioautography technique. The antibacterial activity of abietane and labdane diterpenes were categorized as strong. The values of MIC were 16 and 4 µg/mL for ferruginol and 8 and 16 for trans-communic acid against E. coli (InaCC B5) and S. aureus (InaCC B4), respectively. In addition, only ferruginol showed a moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 116.12 μg/mL. By docking studies, both compounds showed their more stable interaction with structural SARS-CoV-2 proteins, i.e., 6vxx Spike glycoprotein and 6m0j spike receptor compared to non-structural proteins such as 3CLpro, Mpro, and RdRp proteases. © 2022, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, c/o Dr. Pratima Sharma. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Tax regulations are one of the regulations that are very dynamic in their application because there are frequent changes in the rules. Indeed, these regulations must develop in line with economic and business developments in the community. This paper describes developments and issues related to Value Added Tax (PP) in Indonesia since 2014, because since that year a significant change occurred, namely the change in reporting of the Periodic VAT SPT which began using e-Faktur. The regulation is implemented in stages for some taxable entrepreneurs until it is implemented for all taxable entrepreneurs in July 2016. Then the latest issue is the policy issued as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic related to VAT, namely starting the plan for a multi-tariff VAT implementation scheme, increasing the general VAT rate in 2022, and imposing VAT on basic goods. There are many pros and cons to this issue. However, according to the government, this change will provide a sense of justice for the Indonesian people as a whole © 2021. RIGEO. All Rights Reserved.